The First Historical Hobby and Home Computers

The first Apple was just a culmination of my whole life. Steve Wozniak, co-founder of Apple Computers In 1975, Steve Wozniak was working for Hewlett Packard, the calculator manufacturers, by day and playing computer hobbyist by night, tinkering with the early computer kits like the Altair. All the little computer kits that were being touted to hobbyists in 1975 were square or rectangular boxes with non-understandable switches on them,† Wozniak said. He realized that the prices of some computer parts like microprocessors  and memory chips  had dropped so low that he could buy them with maybe a months salary. Wozniak decided that he and fellow hobbyist Steve Jobs could afford to  build their own home computer. The Apple I Computer Wozniak and Jobs released the Apple I computer on April Fools’ Day 1976. The Apple I was the first single circuit board home computer. It came with a video interface, 8k of RAM and a keyboard. The system incorporated some economical components like dynamic RAM and the  6502 processor, which was designed by Rockwell, produced by MOS Technologies and cost only about $25 dollars at the time.   The pair showed the prototype Apple I at a meeting of the Homebrew Computer Club,  a local computer hobbyist group based in Palo Alto, California. It was mounted on plywood with all the components visible. A local computer dealer, the Byte Shop, ordered 100 units if Wozniak and Jobs would agree to assemble the kits for their customers. About 200 Apple Is were built and sold over a 10-month period for the superstitious price of $666.66. The Apple II Computer   Apple Computers was incorporated in 1977 and the Apple II computer model was released that year. When the  first West Coast Computer Faire was held in San Francisco, attendees saw the public debut of the Apple II, available for $1,298. The Apple II was also based on the 6502 processor, but it had color graphics--a first for a personal computer. It used an audio cassette drive for storage. Its original configuration came with 4 kb of RAM, but this was increased to 48 kb a year later and the cassette drive was replaced with a floppy disk drive. The Commodore PET   The Commodore PET–a personal electronic transactor or, as rumor has it, named after the pet rock fad–was designed by Chuck Peddle. It was first presented at the Winter Consumer Electronics Show in January 1977, and later at the West Coast Computer Faire. The Pet Computer also ran on the 6502 chip, but it cost only $795--half the price of the Apple II. It included 4 kb of RAM, monochrome graphics and an audio cassette drive for data storage. Included was a version of BASIC in 14k of ROM. Microsoft developed its first 6502-based BASIC for the PET and sold the source code to Apple for Apple BASIC. The keyboard, cassette drive and small monochrome display all fit within the same self-contained unit. Jobs and Wozniak showed the Apple I prototype to Commodore and Commodore agreed to buy Apple at one point in time, but  Steve Jobs ultimately decided not to sell. Commodore bought MOS Technology instead and designed the PET. The Commodore PET was Apple’s chief rival at the time.   The TRS-80 Microcomputer Radio Shack introduced its TRS-80 microcomputer, also nicknamed the Trash-80,† in 1977. It was based on the Zilog Z80 processor, an 8-bit microprocessor whose instruction set is a superset of the Intel 8080. It came with 4 kb of RAM and 4 kb of ROM with BASIC. An optional expansion box enabled memory expansion and audio cassettes were used for data storage, similar to the PET and the first Apples. Over 10,000 TRS-80s were sold during the first month of production. The later TRS-80 Model II came complete with a disk drive for program and data storage. Only Apple and Radio Shack had machines with disk drives  at that time. With the introduction of the disk drive, applications for the personal home computer proliferated as the distribution of software became easier.

Carrie Shuey. Mrs. Voshell. Honors English 10. 6 January

Carrie Shuey Mrs. Voshell Honors English 10 6 January 2016 The Importance of The Scarlet Letter There are many important elements of the book, The Scarlet Letter, but the five most important scenes start with Hester being set free from prison with Pearl. Then the second scene is Roger Chillingworth, Hester’s husband, coming to town to seek revenge. The next is the scene where the governor threatens to take Pearl away from Hester. The fourth is Hester removes the letter off her chest in the woods. So, the last scene is Dimmesdale reveals his sin on the scaffold to the entire town. All of these significant scenes in the book helped show the moral of the story, which is to be who you are, be true to yourself, and show it to others. So, the†¦show more content†¦He was called for, because he was smart at this time and was able to help little Pearl become healthy again. While they are all together in the jail he apologizes to Hester for keeping her away from her youth. In this conversation he also vows to find out Pearl’s fa ther and acquire revenge on him. Chillingworth coming to Boston is important, because eventually throughout the book he is portrayed as a symbol of sin, evil, and revenge. He is shown as this symbol, because after coming across Dimmesdale as Pearl’s father he seeks revenge, but purposely tries to destroy another human’s life. This sin is greater than any other in the book, even compared to Hester and Dimmesdale’s. Another important scene in the book is when the governor makes the threat of removing Pearl from Hester. One reason that convinces the governor to take Pearl away is she says in the novel, â€Å"I had not been made at all, but had been plucked from the bush of wild roses that grew by the prison-door† (Hawthorne 123). This makes the governor even more suspicious of Hester being able to care well for Pearl as a mother. Although Hester responds to the governor’s reaction by saying she’ll die before she gives up Pearl. This response from Hester is important, because it shows how much she cares about Pearl and her well-being. Also, Dimmesdale speaks in Hester’s behalf â€Å"God gave her the child, and gave her, too, an instinctive knowledge of its nature and requirements†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Hawthorne 125).

Malcolm X, A Civil Rights Leader In The 1960s Believed That Blacks And Essay Example For Students

Malcolm X, A Civil Rights Leader In The 1960s Believed That Blacks And Essay Malcolm X, a civil rights leader in the 1960s believed that blacks and whites should be segregated. He also believedthat white man was evil and were trying to brainwash all blacks and that Martin Luther Kings non-violent protestswerent working and that violence was needed for change. Malcolm Xs life was a life with a lot of conflict and violence in it. Malcolm X was born under the name of MalcolmLittle in Omaha, Nebraska in 1925. His father was a baptist minister and an outspoken follower of Marcus Garvey,the black nationalist leader of the 1920s who preached that all blacks should leave the US and go back to Africa. While Malcolms father was away and Malcolms mother was pregnant with Malcolm, a group of KKK memberscame to their house and told Mrs. Little to send out her husband. She came out of the house and stood where all theKKK could see that she was pregnant and told them that Mr. Little was in Milwaukee preaching. The KKK,disappointed, shouted threats and told them to leave town. After this they broke every window in the Littles homeand left. When Mr. Little came home and heard what happened, he decided to move as soon a Malcolm was born toLansing, Michigan. Here was where Malcolms father died at the hand of the Black Legion (X 4-!13). After Malcolms fathers death, his mother who had to take care of eight children and endure threats from theKKK, suffered a nervous breakdown. As a result, Malcolm and his siblings were taken by the welfare department. Malcolm was later enrolled in a reform school and did very well grade wise. He was the best student in his class andwanted to become a lawyer. When the school heads heard about this, they sent a person to talk to Malcolm. Thisperson told and convinced Malcolm that he was black and that he could never become a lawyer because of it. As aresult, he dropped out of after the eighth grade and moved to Boston, Massachusetts where he worked severaldifferent jobs. Soon, Malcolm became associated in a gang and sold and used drugs, and was involved in many othercriminal activities. His gang career ended when he got into some trouble due to a bet with the gang leader. Sincethe gang wanted Malcolm killed, Malcolm hid for a while. Soon, Malcolm decid!ed to rob a house which he heard had a lot of valuables in it. Soon one night, he robbed the house, but was caughtlater. Malcolm was charged with burglary and sent to prison for a maximum of eight years of which he served six. This was a turning point in Malcolms life. While in prison, Malcolm educated himself and became interested in theteachings of Elijah Muhammad. Malcolm spent his time in jail educating himself and learning more about theNation of Islam (later known as the Black Muslims). Their belief, which was contrary to Martin Luther King Jr.s,mainly to was to segregated whites and blacks. The Nation of Islam wanted to establish a separate Afro-Americanhomeland in the U.S. and believed that the white person is the Devil who wanted to enslave all non-whites. TheNation of Islam also strictly followed the Islamic belief. When Malcolm was released from prison after in 1952, he joined a temple in Detroit, and took the name Malcolm X. He took the name X because his present last name was the last name of the slave master who freed their slave andsince the slave didnt know who their ancestors were, and therefore didnt know their real last name, they often tookup the last name of their master. Many Muslims kept the name X because in math, X is represented as anunknown variable like their real last name. A person was to keep the name X until God himself gave them a holyname(Encarta 2). .ue16bccb53b78b4d8682e23d803675422 , .ue16bccb53b78b4d8682e23d803675422 .postImageUrl , .ue16bccb53b78b4d8682e23d803675422 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ue16bccb53b78b4d8682e23d803675422 , .ue16bccb53b78b4d8682e23d803675422:hover , .ue16bccb53b78b4d8682e23d803675422:visited , .ue16bccb53b78b4d8682e23d803675422:active { border:0!important; } .ue16bccb53b78b4d8682e23d803675422 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ue16bccb53b78b4d8682e23d803675422 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ue16bccb53b78b4d8682e23d803675422:active , .ue16bccb53b78b4d8682e23d803675422:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ue16bccb53b78b4d8682e23d803675422 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ue16bccb53b78b4d8682e23d803675422 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ue16bccb53b78b4d8682e23d803675422 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ue16bccb53b78b4d8682e23d803675422 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ue16bccb53b78b4d8682e23d803675422:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ue16bccb53b78b4d8682e23d803675422 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ue16bccb53b78b4d8682e23d803675422 .ue16bccb53b78b4d8682e23d803675422-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ue16bccb53b78b4d8682e23d803675422:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Make Tobacco Illegal and Legalize Marijuana EssaySoon after his release from jail, Malcolm worked for his oldest brother who managed a furniture store. Whileworking, he also gave many speeches, and went fishing(fishing is when someone stands out on a sidewalk andhand out brochures and explained about their ideas of the Nation of Islam.) for new members for the Nation ofIslam. He did this until he became an official spokesperson for them. After officially being excepted, Malcolmrapidly became an outstanding figure in the Nation of Islam. By the early 1960s, the Nation of Islam had become well known and Malcolm was their most prominentspokesperson. Malcolm gave many speeches and had dedicated his life to serve Elijah Muhammad and God. Because of the Nation of Islam popularity, television reporters were now very curious about it. To represent theNation of Islam, Elijah Muhammad chose Malcolm X. For the next few years, Malcolm X was a major and widelypublicized figure. This had its good and bad side. It was good because it spread the ideas of the Nation of Islam allacross the WORLD, but also put Malcolm X in an awkward position since he received a lot of publicity. Because ofall the attention he got, many of the nation of Islams members became jealous. As a result, they bad mouthedMalcolm X behind his back for many years to Elijah Muhammad. They said many things, like Malcolm was gettingtoo much money from the Nation of Islam, when infact all he got from them was a house and car for twelve years!of service. Another thing they said was that Malcolm was trying to take over the Nation of Islam and that he wastaking credit for the things Mr. Muhammad really did. This was anything but the truth because Malcolm alwaysment ioned As Elijah Muhammad teaches in everyone of his speeches. He also worshiped and would have diedfor Elijah Muhammad if he had to. Over the course of the next few months, Malcolms eyes were finally opened tothe happenings behind his back due to a series of events. These events eventually led to his break away from theNation of Islam. After breaking away, Malcolm announced that he was creating a new organization (Organization ofAfro-American Unity (OAAU)) that didnt have the strict and harsh rules and religious sacrifices as the Nation ofIslam, and which was also going to be more active. Soon after announcing this, he found out that he had a lot ofsupport too. The creating the Organization of Afro-American Unity also made the Natio!n of Islam very angry, because Malcolm X took a large part of their supporters. As a result, they secretly andinternally ordered him assassinated. For the next few months, Malcolm and his family were harassed by threateningphone calls. His house was even burnt down. Then finally on February 21, 1965, while addressing an OAAU rally inNew York City, Malcolm was shot to death. Malcolm Xs disagreed with Martin Luther Kings beliefs because Malcolm wanted change now while Mr. King sawthat change took time. Malcolm disagreed with Mr. King was because he didnt believe the peaceful protestsworked. Malcolm believed that violence was the only way through which change would take place. Finally,Malcolm disagreed with Mr. King in the fact that Malcolm wanted to segregate blacks and whites and create aseparate place for the blacks to live in while Mr. King wanted to end segregation and have blacks and whites livepeacefully. My opinions toward Malcolm Xs beliefs are that I disagree with most of what he said. I believe that what he taughtwas teaching hatred. I also believe that he set the civil rights movement back because he un-did everything Mr. .ub366b066585b30356fc759686ba82c19 , .ub366b066585b30356fc759686ba82c19 .postImageUrl , .ub366b066585b30356fc759686ba82c19 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ub366b066585b30356fc759686ba82c19 , .ub366b066585b30356fc759686ba82c19:hover , .ub366b066585b30356fc759686ba82c19:visited , .ub366b066585b30356fc759686ba82c19:active { border:0!important; } .ub366b066585b30356fc759686ba82c19 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ub366b066585b30356fc759686ba82c19 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ub366b066585b30356fc759686ba82c19:active , .ub366b066585b30356fc759686ba82c19:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ub366b066585b30356fc759686ba82c19 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ub366b066585b30356fc759686ba82c19 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ub366b066585b30356fc759686ba82c19 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ub366b066585b30356fc759686ba82c19 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ub366b066585b30356fc759686ba82c19:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ub366b066585b30356fc759686ba82c19 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ub366b066585b30356fc759686ba82c19 .ub366b066585b30356fc759686ba82c19-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ub366b066585b30356fc759686ba82c19:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Liberal Arts EssayKing stood for and did. I also disagree with his idea of usage of violence because I dont believe it solves or is theanswer to anything. Finally, I believe his ideas towards white men being devils and evil seem to be unjustified. Isay unjustified because many white men tried to join both the OAAU and the Nation of Islam, were denied. Mylogic is that if the white men were evil, why would they try to join them and help them? Although I disagree withmost of Malcolms Xs beliefs, I do agree that all Blacks should join and become unified, because in unity, there ispower.